Biomass may be converted to more useful fuel and chemicals via thermochemical decomposition and biological digestion. Thermochemical conversion processes include three sub-categories: pyrolysis, gasification, and direct ...

The main objective of education is to prepare people for future. Energy is the indispensable part of every society and it reflects the living standards and development level of the society. The energy concept, introduced ...

Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline solids that form from mixtures of water and light natural gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane and butane. Methane was the dominant component among other hydrocarbon ...

The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, ...

Petroleum plays a very important role in foreign policies and their international relations of Caspian and Middle East countries. The Middle East itself produces 32% of the world’s oil, but even more impressive is they ...

The aim of this study is to investigate the algae production technologies such as open, closed and hybrid systems, production costs, and algal energy conversions. Liquid biofuels are alternative fuels promoted with potential ...

In recent advance, laser atom interaction has made significant progress in theoretical and experimental method. This article is devoted to a review of recent relativistic High Harmonic Generation (HHG) and Above Threshold ...

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the potentiality of the wood oil of Oriental spruce (Spruce orientalis) for biodiesel production. Two methods have been applied for obtained wood oil with and without solvent ...

Microalgae are unique photosynthetic organisms given that they accumulate storage lipids in substantial quantities and thrive in high salinity water. Algae cultivation is flexible on water quality. Many species of algae ...