Biomass may be converted to more useful fuel and chemicals via thermochemical decomposition and biological digestion. Thermochemical conversion processes include three sub-categories: pyrolysis, gasification, and direct ...

Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline solids that form from mixtures of water and light natural gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane and butane. Methane was the dominant component among other hydrocarbon ...

The cost of biodiesels varies depending on the feedstock, geographic area, methanol prices, and seasonal variability in crop production. Most of the biodiesel is currently made from soybean, rapeseed, and palm oils. However, ...

Petroleum plays a very important role in foreign policies and their international relations of Caspian and Middle East countries. The Middle East itself produces 32% of the world’s oil, but even more impressive is they ...

The aim of this study is to investigate the algae production technologies such as open, closed and hybrid systems, production costs, and algal energy conversions. Liquid biofuels are alternative fuels promoted with potential ...

In recent advance, laser atom interaction has made significant progress in theoretical and experimental method. This article is devoted to a review of recent relativistic High Harmonic Generation (HHG) and Above Threshold ...

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the potentiality of the wood oil of Oriental spruce (Spruce orientalis) for biodiesel production. Two methods have been applied for obtained wood oil with and without solvent ...

Biomass can be converted into useful bio-fuels and bio-chemicals via biomass upgrading and biorefinery technologies. Biomass upgrading processesinclude fractionation, liquefaction, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, fermentation, ...

Hazelnut shell was liquefied directly in water at 530–710 K and in glycerol and alkaline (10% sodium carbonate) glycerol at 523–603 K temperature range. Thermal degradation of biomass, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and ...

t Turkey has always been one of the major agricultural countries in the world. The importance of agriculture is increasing as biomass energy becomes one of the major resources in Turkey. Current disposal methods for these ...